Colon Cancer Risk in Women

Your metabolic phenotype is how your body takes in and uses energy; it affects many aspects of health, including colon cancer risk factors in women. Here’s why. 

Obesity is often associated with an increased risk for developing cancer. But, according to a study from the Beijing Normal University in China, an unhealthy metabolism can increase colon cancer risk factors in women after menopause, even if they are a healthy weight.

The research found that postmenopausal women with a normal weight (measured by a body mass index of 18.5 to 24.9) and an unhealthy metabolic phenotype were nearly 50 percent more likely to develop colorectal cancer than those with a healthy metabolic phenotype.

YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE: Why Is Colon Cancer So Common?

What is metabolic phenotype?

Your metabolic phenotype is how your body takes in and uses energy, and it affects many aspects of health. A variety of factors influence phenotype, including genetics, environment, lifestyle, and the bacteria that live in your digestive system.

Phenotype is often measured based on observable features, including body mass index, appearance, behavior, diet, glucose levels, and blood pressure.

Individuals are often considered to have metabolic syndrome if they have three or more of either high waist circumference, elevated blood pressure, elevated levels of triglycerides, high glucose levels, and low levels of healthy cholesterol. In the Beijing study, participants were placed in the unhealthy phenotype group if they had two or more of any of those conditions except high waist circumference.

Metabolic phenotype and colorectal cancer

The Beijing study, led by Xiaoyun Liang, MD, PhD, looked at more than 5,000 postmenopausal women with a healthy weight, 33.7 percent of whom were considered metabolically unhealthy. After a mean follow-up time of 14.3 years, the metabolically unhealthy women were 49 percent more likely to develop colon cancer than the healthy group. They also found that women with metabolic syndrome had a twofold higher risk for colon cancer than those with a healthy metabolism.

“Even though poor metabolic health is usually associated with obesity, 30 percent of normal-weight adults are believed to be metabolically unhealthy worldwide,” said Liang. “Our finding that normal-weight U.S. women who are metabolically unhealthy have an increased risk of colorectal cancer highlights how important it is for women to be aware of their metabolic health status, which can be assessed using standard clinical tests.”

Colorectal cancer includes colon, rectal, and rectosigmoid cancers. Which type is diagnosed depends on where in the body the cancer develops, though all three are related and many people will develop multiple forms of colorectal cancer as the disease progresses.

Colorectal cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed form of cancer for both women and men in the United States, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. It is also the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the U.S. Each year, about 64,000 women develop some form of colorectal cancer, with nearly 25,000 women dying from it annually.

Liang notes that her research had some limitations. Participants’ body mass index and metabolic health were measured only at the beginning of the study, so any changes that occurred were not taken into account in the results. The findings are also specific to postmenopausal women and cannot be generalized to apply to younger women or to men.

Still, Liang hopes the results will help doctors identify women at risk for colorectal cancer early enough to reduce the number of lives the disease claims. “Recognition that normal-weight women who are metabolically unhealthy may have an increased risk for colorectal cancer,” she adds, “could result in more timely use of preventive interventions and reduce the burden of this deadly disease.”

Talk to your doctor about your colon cancer risk factors

Identifying the cancer early can prevent fatalities. Colonoscopies, a minimally invasive procedure that can find both tumors and precancerous polyps in the colon and rectum, are important for detection.

If you are a postmenopausal woman who shows signs of an unhealthy metabolism — including elevated fasting glucose (a measure for type 2 diabetes), high blood pressure, or unhealthy cholesterol levels —talk to your doctor about your risk for colorectal cancer, even if you are not overweight. Your doctor can order a colonoscopy for screening or advise you on lifestyle changes that will reduce your risk of developing cancer.

YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE: Our Colon Cancer section